Glorious Praise of Ships and the Sea

When asked how museums should compete with today's overwhelmingly visual culture, Rudi Fuchs remarked, 'I once said that the museum fulfills the old-fashioned idea of a school. You go there to learn to look at things you know nothing about. Paintings can have a certain slowness about them. They are created gradually. You have to view them patiently. Many people may find that difficult [...] I can get really excited when I look at a painting."

And he's not the only one! I can testify to that after having visited Praise of Ships and the Sea, together with father and son Hoogsteder and Jeroen Giltaij, curator of Old Master Paintings at Boijmans Van Beuningen Museum, the man who initiated and organized the exhibition. All three are 'professionals', but with the sincere enthusiasm of the true art lover and that refreshing thrill when they see a good painting. Now and then, whenever something grabs their interest, they point out a significant detail, or a characteristic that typifies the style and the work of a particular artist, or they mention a solution the artist found to a theoretical problem.

Inventions


One of these solutions in maritime art is perspective. Like landscape artists, maritime painters discovered that there were other ways of suggesting distance and depth than the traditional succession, from background to foreground, of blue, green and brown - the latter sometimes reinforced with red - which had been in vogue since the Middle Ages. They created a new and unique colour idiom, dictated in no small way by the interplay of sky and water, of clouds and the sea. In the work of artists such as Jan Porcellis and Jacob van Ruisdael the palette even tended towards the monochrome: an unbelievably rich array of greys. The result was that unique quality that makes a successful maritime painting so special, namely, the harmonious combination of two phenomena: the painting as the reflection of perceived reality and the painting as an autonomous object with its own artistic laws.

The viewer's concern is generally with the subject and the story being told. But there's surely no harm in looking at a painting in the light of the artist's own criteria. For a painter, the question is how to make a composition original, how to inject rhythm and how to arrange the colours, how to convey tension and how to reach the emotions and feelings of other people - generations later. One of the enjoyable aspects of viewing a painting, is to appreciate all these factors and to assess them. It is for the observer to test a painting. In fact paintings should actually be viewed without knowing who the artist is. (Lesson i: Never start by looking for the name on the textboard.) There's no such thing - agree father and son, and Giltaij too - as a good or bad artist, there are only good or bad paintings. 'For example,' says Willem Jan Hoogsteder, 'you cannot appreciate a seventeenth-century painting without examining the detail'. He points at the rowing boat in Adam Willart's Yacht on the Coast. 'Look at how the planks move forward and the superb effect of shadow achieved with just a few suggestive strokes of the brush'. Having let his enthusiasm get the better of him he offers the rather bold conclusion that seventeenth-century painters had already mastered the elements of abstract (that is, autonomous) art, with their splendid use of colour and fine compositions.

For Willem Jan they are close to what one might term perfect art, since after the seventeenth century few innovations in the actual technique of painting were made. 'These chaps have already done it all: every subject, every technique, down to and including the impressionist brushstroke!' But what intrigues both professional and layman is the tension between logical analysis, the discussion of relevant points - often the highlights of a painting - and the intuitive absorption of m hat thc artist has created. That is what makes looking at paintings so exciting. It is the discovery of a balance betwcen art and technique. Adam Willarts is a painter who manages to produce a synthesis between the depiction of reality and the rendering of atmosphere.

Origin

It is surely true to say that the godfathers of Willarts and Dubbels, and of Van de Cappelle and Van de Velde the Younger, are Hendrick Cornelisz. Vroom and Jan Porcellis. Vroom was one of the first to focus on thc maritime theme. His principal aim was to achieve a realistic reflection of reality. In a majcstic painting, Dutch Ships at the Sound (i6i4), he depicts with precise detail a Dutch merchantman (with the arms of Amsterdam on the stern), various othcr ships and Kronborg Castle and the city of Elsinore. Typical of the early painting is the way the distant fort is portrayed: with the same precision and focus as the ship in thc foreground. Jan Porcellis did not paint the same kind of spectacular scenes. 'Persellus, the premicre Ship and Water painter' restricted himself - inasmuch as one can spcak of restriction - to stormy seas with tiny fishing boats fighting the elements, or to the Dutch inland waters with single-masted ships and sloops caught in a stiff breeze.

For Porcellis, a painting was a window to the world, often accentuated with an emphatic frame that becomes part of the painting. He limitcd his palette to silver grey and grey brown tints that beautifully suited the wide expanses of water and sky. Characteristic for Porcellis is the affection with which he portrays atmospheric details. Highlight Some painters may appear rather inaccessible. Along with Simon de Vlieger, Jacob van Ruisdael is a good example. 'Ruisdael is difficult, because he invents things. But what an inventor! Where would Constable and Turner have been without Jacob van Ruisdael?' His nocturnal maritime view is, for both Hoogsteders, one of the most beautiful paintings in the show. It is poetry in paint. And yet you could easily pass by this dark and sombre picture. Van Ruisdael proves his supreme mastery of the art of painting. Everything he does with his paints is aimed at one thing above all else: creating atmosphere. His virtuoso brush, the dramatic composition, the ominous light. When you look at the painting, you hear the black water splash, you feel the cold, wet wind and you stand rigid in the ferocity and power of the thunder as it shakes the very floor you stand on. This vigorous painting overwhelms and leaves the viewer feeling humbled.

Conclusion

Willem van de Velde the Younger is the last in this age of great maritime painters. And his final contribution is magnificent. His 'still waters' conjure up a sense of bliss. All the elements of his art are devoted to conveying a mood of peace and tranquility: the subject of course, but also the gentle palette, the fine rendering of texture, the balanced composition, the mild light. Here Van de Velde paints harmony. His paintings sum up the entire century's maritime oeuvre. He has seen it all.

Light on Old Masters

Despite all this uniform appreciation, the end of the visit leads unexpectedly to a discussion. The subject is light in today's galleries and museums. Does artificial lighting exaggerate the dramatic effect of a canvas? In the end it is generally agreed that modern artificial lighting enables far more to be seen. Many paintings have become darker over the last three centuries and the details can only be seen if extra light is provided; moreover, the contrast between the various elements will also diminish. Of course, if you really insist, when you visit the gallery the Hoogsteders will gladly switch off the lights for you.

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